Neuroanatomical sites mediating the motivational effects of opioids as mapped by the conditioned place preference paradigm in rats.

An unbiased conditioned place preference paradigm was used to examine the neuroanatomical substrates mediating the reinforcing and aversive effects of mu and kappa opioid agonists. Unilateral microinjection of the selective mu agonist DAMGO into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the origin of the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine (DA) systems, resulted in dose-dependent preferences for the drug-associated place. Intracranial injections of DAMGO into terminal projection sites of VTA DA neurons, the nucleus accumbens and the medial prefrontal cortex, however, as well as into the lateral hypothalamus, were without effect. In contrast, microinjections of the kappa agonist U50,488H and the dynorphin derivative E-2078 into the VTA produced place aversions. Place aversions were also observed after microinjections of U50,488H and E-2078 into the nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex and lateral hypothalamus. However, microinjections of mu and kappa agonists into either the origin of the mesostriatal DA system, the substantia nigra or into its major terminal field, the nucleus caudatus-putamen, was without effect. Autoradiographic studies revealed that the substances remained within a restricted area around the injection site, confirming that the effects observed were mediated therein. Thus, these data suggest an important role for the A10 neurons in the VTA in the regulation of both mu and kappa opioid-induced motivational states. The rewarding effects are associated with the activation of mu receptors in the VTA, whereas aversive effects are associated with the activation of kappa receptors in the VTA and its limbic-cortical terminal regions.