Silencer and enhancer elements located at the 3'-side of the chicken and duck alpha-globin-encoding gene domains.

Enhancer activities have been observed in DNA fragments up to 1.36 kb long located on the 3'-side of the cluster of the three alpha-type globin-encoding genes in duck [Kretsovali et al., C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 307 (1988) 563-568] and chicken [Knezetic and Felsenfeld, Mol. Cell. Biol. 9 (1989) 893-901]. We report here the identification of a chicken silencer element placed upstream from the three GATA-1 sites which constitute the core enhancer element in both species. This silencer element can autonomously reduce the activity of promoters for thymidine kinase and alpha D globin. Band shifts and DNase I footprinting experiments using nuclear extracts from thermosensitive avian erythroblastosis virus-transformed chicken erythroblasts led to the delineation of three sites for DNA-binding proteins within the silencer element.