Blair D T, Dauner A
Clin Nurse Spec. 1993 Jul;7(4):225-31. doi: 10.1097/00002800-199307000-00018.
Antipsychotic or neuroleptic medications are known to produce various extrapyramidal symptoms as common side effects. Extrapyramidal symptoms may present clinically as acute dystonic reactions, tardive dyskinesia, akinesia, Parkinsonism, akathisia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Dopamine blockade or depletion in the basal ganglia produces these symptoms. Not as widely known or understood is that extrapyramidal symptoms can also occur as side effects from a variety of nonantipsychotic agents, namely certain antidepressants, antiemetics, lithium, and, rarely, some anticonvulsants and oral contraceptive agents. These symptoms mimic the naturally occurring, idiopathic pathologies of the extrapyramidal system and basal ganglia disease. Clinicians must be able to recognize these symptoms as side effects, distinguish extrapyramidal symptoms from psychiatric symptoms and, assess the possible nonantipsychotic causes of extrapyramidal symptoms, particularly in nonpsychiatric settings.
已知抗精神病药物或神经安定药物会产生各种锥体外系症状，这是常见的副作用。锥体外系症状在临床上可能表现为急性肌张力障碍反应、迟发性运动障碍、运动不能、帕金森症、静坐不能和神经安定药恶性综合征。基底神经节中的多巴胺阻断或耗竭会产生这些症状。锥体外系症状也可能作为多种非抗精神病药物的副作用出现，这一点并不为人们所广泛知晓或理解，这些非抗精神病药物包括某些抗抑郁药、止吐药、锂盐，以及很少见的一些抗惊厥药和口服避孕药。这些症状模仿了锥体外系和基底神经节疾病自然发生的特发性病理状况。临床医生必须能够将这些症状识别为副作用，将锥体外系症状与精神症状区分开来，并评估锥体外系症状可能的非抗精神病药物病因，尤其是在非精神科环境中。
