Technology transfer to the developing world: does new technology have any relevance for developing countries?

Technology is not limited to equipment and commodities but includes know-how, understanding and the ability to control and exploit underlying principles and processes. Diverse technologies, not only those termed 'biomedical', affect the incidence and control of all diseases including tuberculosis. 'New technology' implies something recently developed, but any technology is new to those without prior experience. For developing countries, technologic novelty is far less important than relevance, which encompasses, among other things: direct application to reducing risk of infection and disease; affordability and cost-effectiveness; saving foreign exchange; satisfying public demand with political benefit to the government; and promotion of social equity. The value of health gained by the new technology should exceed its cost, but this is difficult to measure. It is usually presumed that industrial countries are eager to export technologies, but intellectual property and patient regulations of the importing country may inhibit such transfers. Similarly, ethical issues involving protection of human subjects and informed consent may complicate clinical trials and technology assessment in the developing country environment.