Indications for surgical treatment of tibial condyle fractures.

The residual radioanatomic changes influencing the functional, subjective, and clinical outcome of 131 tibial condyle fractures were studied. Clinical function was found to deteriorate rapidly with increasing values of residual medial tilt of the tibial plateau, whereas lateral tilt of the plateau was well tolerated up to 5 degrees. Articular step-off up to 3 mm and condylar widening up to 5 mm had no adverse effects. Seventy percent of knees with moderate or severe instability were functionally unacceptable. It was concluded that a medial unicondylar fracture with any displacement, and all medially tilted bicondylar fractures, should be operated upon. In fracture of the lateral condyle, open reduction and internal fixation is indicated when lateral tilt or valgus malalignment exceeds 5 degrees, articular step-off exceeds 3 mm, or condylar widening exceeds 5 mm. The same limits apply to laterally tilted bicondylar fractures, provided that the medial condyle is undisplaced. Any displacement seen in the axial bicondylar fracture is an indication for surgical treatment. If there is any mediolateral instability in the extended knee joint after rigid internal fixation, repair of a collateral ligament should be considered. An avulsed anterior cruciate ligament should be fixed, if pathologic laxity exists, but the torn ligament can be ignored and reconstructed later if needed.