Weiner H
University of California, Los Angeles.
Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 1994 Mar-Apr;44(3-4):73-83.
In 1977, G. L. Engel proposed a biopsychosocial model, applicable to all illness and disease. It was based on systems theory which orders the world into a ladder (of systems) from the most elementary particles to social phenomena and the cosmos. Systems theory was proposed to combat reductionism and to deal with complexity and order. Central to that theory is the concept of emergence that the properties of each "higher" or more complex system are not explainable either by their components nor by those at a lower level. However, no one form of complexity exists. Some forms of complexity arise out of the interactions of the components, especially as the result of feed-back, which in turn allows us to understand order, and sudden change. Living systems are characterized by genetic programs, self-replication, self-organization and adaptability. These properties exist at every "level", and thus make systems theory and its hierarchies no longer necessary, and also eliminate the concept of emergence.
1977年，G. L. 恩格尔提出了一种生物心理社会模型，适用于所有疾病。该模型基于系统理论，该理论将世界按照从最基本的粒子到社会现象及宇宙的顺序排列成一个（系统）阶梯。提出系统理论是为了对抗还原论并处理复杂性和秩序。该理论的核心是涌现概念，即每个“更高”或更复杂系统的属性既不能由其组成部分解释，也不能由较低层次的组成部分解释。然而，不存在单一形式的复杂性。某些形式的复杂性源于组成部分的相互作用，尤其是反馈的结果，这反过来又使我们能够理解秩序和突然变化。生命系统的特征是基因程序、自我复制、自我组织和适应性。这些属性存在于每个“层次”，因此使得系统理论及其层次结构不再必要，同时也消除了涌现概念。
