Modak S P, Ghatpande S K, Rane R K, Mulherkar L
Department of Zoology, University of Poona, Pune, India.
Int J Dev Biol. 1993 Dec;37(4):601-7.
Full primitive streak stage chick embryos, cultured in vitro for 20 h in the presence of 10(-9) to 10(-7) moles of retinoic acid (retinol, all-trans), exhibit increasing extent of malformations. RA causes caudalization, suppression of telencephalon, formation of open and enlarged neural tube in the regions of midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord, failure of fusion of heart tubes, and gives rise to winged or diffused, and even supernumerary somites. Extreme abnormalities include failure to form the head fold and foregut. Abnormal embryos were graded according to Rao and Chauhan (Teratology 4: 191-198, 1971), and we find that the larger the severity of malformation, the smaller the size of total cell population and blastoderm area. Concomitant to caudalization, retinoic acid suppresses the cell population growth.
在含有10^(-9)至10^(-7)摩尔视黄酸（视黄醇，全反式）的条件下体外培养20小时的原条期鸡胚，畸形程度不断增加。视黄酸会导致尾化，抑制端脑，在中脑、后脑和脊髓区域形成开放和扩大的神经管，心脏管融合失败，并产生有翼或扩散甚至多余的体节。极端异常包括无法形成头褶和前肠。根据Rao和Chauhan（《致畸学》4：191 - 198，1971）对异常胚胎进行分级，我们发现畸形程度越严重，总细胞群体和胚盘面积越小。与尾化相伴，视黄酸会抑制细胞群体生长。
