Gold B S, Wingert W A
Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
South Med J. 1994 Jun;87(6):579-89. doi: 10.1097/00007611-199406000-00001.
Snake venom poisoning constitutes a medical emergency. It is a complex type of poisoning that not only affects the local bite site but may involve multiple organ systems as well. In the United States, poisonous snakes account for approximately 8,000 bites annually, resulting in about 9 to 15 fatalities. The majority of deaths occur in children, the elderly, and untreated or mistreated individuals. Pit vipers account for almost all bites. Diagnosis and treatment are based on clinical signs and symptoms of envenomation along with identification of the snake. First aid treatment should focus on transporting the victim to the nearest medical facility as soon as possible. Previously advocated first aid measures such as tourniquet, incision and suction, cryotherapy, and electric shock should be avoided. The mainstay of treatment for envenomation is the prompt administration of sufficient quantities of the appropriate antivenin.
蛇毒中毒是一种医疗急症。它是一种复杂的中毒类型，不仅会影响局部咬伤部位，还可能累及多个器官系统。在美国，每年有毒蛇咬伤约8000人，导致约9至15人死亡。大多数死亡发生在儿童、老年人以及未接受治疗或治疗不当的人群中。几乎所有咬伤都是由蝰蛇造成的。诊断和治疗基于中毒的临床体征和症状以及蛇的鉴定。急救治疗应尽快将受害者送往最近的医疗机构。应避免使用止血带、切开和吸引、冷冻疗法以及电击等先前提倡的急救措施。中毒治疗的主要方法是及时给予足量的合适抗蛇毒血清。
