Loss of heterozygosity: the most frequent cause of recessive phenotype expression at the heterozygous human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase locus.

Expression of a recessive phenotype can occur by a number of different mechanisms, such as chromosomal deletion, recombination, and intragenic frameshift mutation or base substitution. To examine the contribution of different mutational events, we isolated and characterized a human fibroblast cell line heterozygous at the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) locus. Cells that subsequently lost APRT activity were selected, cloned, and analyzed for the mechanisms contributing to the loss of APRT activity. Loss of APRT activity occurred at a rate of 7.8 x 10(-5) per allele per cell generation. Molecular analysis of DNA from 21 independent APRT- clones demonstrated that 62% of mutants had lost the functional allele and that the rest had incurred intragenic mutations. Loss of the functional allele was frequently accompanied by loss of the proximal marker D16S77 but not the more distant proximal marker D16S4, indicating that a high frequency of mitotic recombination or deletion occurred at the region between D16S77 and D16S4 on chromosome 16. Loss of APRT activity in the remaining 38% of the clones was predominantly due to point mutations. These data demonstrate that the mechanisms for loss of heterozygosity at the APRT locus are similar to those found in retinoblastoma and other tumors. The autosomal location of the APRT gene and the ease with which its phenotype can be selected make this gene useful for modeling mutational events at loci important to carcinogenesis.