McAninch C B, Manolis M B, Milich R, Harris M J
University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044.
Child Dev. 1993 Oct;64(5):1492-506.
The effect of expectancy-congruent and -incongruent information on subsequent impression formation and recall of a target peer was examined. 64 boys and 50 girls (ages 8 to 12) were given an expectancy that a stimulus child was either shy or outgoing. Subjects rated the target on several dimensions (e.g., friendly, shy) and then watched a videotape of a boy or girl confederate acting out a script containing both expectancy-congruent and -incongruent information. Subjects then rated the target child again and freely recalled as much of what the target said as they could remember. Results revealed that when children are presented with both expectancy-congruent and -incongruent information, impression formation appears largely attribute based, and the influence of the initial expectancy appears mitigated. However, ratings of liking appeared to be more influenced by the initial expectancy than by subsequent behavioral information. In addition, the results indicated that many of Maccoby's conclusions regarding the effects of gender on social interactions also apply to children's social information processing, indicating a strong bias toward same-sex peers.
研究了期望一致和不一致的信息对后续目标同伴印象形成和回忆的影响。64名男孩和50名女孩（年龄在8至12岁之间）被给予一种期望，即刺激儿童要么害羞要么外向。受试者在几个维度（如友好、害羞）上对目标进行评分，然后观看一段录像带，录像带中有一个男孩或女孩同盟者表演一个包含期望一致和不一致信息的脚本。受试者随后再次对目标儿童进行评分，并尽可能自由地回忆目标所说的话。结果显示，当儿童同时接触到期望一致和不一致的信息时，印象形成似乎主要基于属性，并且最初期望的影响似乎得到缓解。然而，喜欢程度的评分似乎更多地受到最初期望的影响，而不是后续行为信息的影响。此外，结果表明，麦科比关于性别对社会互动影响的许多结论也适用于儿童的社会信息处理，表明对同性同伴存在强烈偏见。
