Janes C R, Ames G M
Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Denver 80217.
Recent Dev Alcohol. 1993;11:123-41.
We examine the results of recent research that considers the relationship of the work environment to drinking behavior and problems. We bring the concept of culture to the foreground in this discussion, and show that much of what alcohol researchers term as work-related risk factors are, in effect, best understood as aspects or dimensions of cultural processes which operate in complex organizations. We identify and review four perspectives on alcohol use in occupational contexts that highlight these cultural processes at work: (1) the development of organizational norms with respect to drinking, definitions of problem drinking, and mechanisms of social control; (2) working conditions that produce in some workers experiences of powerlessness, alienation, or stress which are in turn alleviated by drink; (3) the interaction of cultural factors external to the workplace--regional/national, community, ethnic, and religious--with organizational cultural norms which affect alcohol values, beliefs, and behaviors; and (4) processes that underlie the development of occupationally based drinking subcultures.
我们审视了近期有关工作环境与饮酒行为及问题之间关系的研究结果。在此次讨论中，我们将文化概念置于突出位置，并表明酒精研究人员所定义的许多与工作相关的风险因素，实际上最好理解为在复杂组织中运行的文化过程的各个方面或维度。我们识别并综述了职业环境中饮酒问题的四种观点，这些观点突出了工作中的这些文化过程：（1）关于饮酒的组织规范的发展、问题饮酒的定义以及社会控制机制；（2）工作条件使一些工人产生无力感、疏离感或压力，进而通过饮酒得以缓解；（3）工作场所外部的文化因素——区域/国家、社区、种族和宗教——与影响酒精价值观、信仰和行为的组织文化规范之间的相互作用；以及（4）基于职业的饮酒亚文化发展背后的过程。
