Hervé P
Centre régional de transfusion sanguine, Besançon.
Rev Prat. 1993 Jun 1;43(11):1403-6.
The functional red cells infused must breathe and circulate. The effectiveness of transfusion depends on different factors in patients (lack of antibodies or hypersplenism) and on the way the blood has been preserved. The transfusion-related risks may be immediate (immunological conflicts between erythrocytes or leucocytes) or delayed (alloimmunization induced by transfusion, transmission of or viral or parasitic diseases). The current preventive measures are highly efficient, provided all "safety catches" are respected, including selection of donors on immunological and serological grounds, and choice of the red cell concentrate most appropriate to the clinical situation and the transfusional future of the patient. All patients on chronic transfusion must be under long-term surveillance, with search for antibodies and serological profile. The decision to transfuse blood rests on the levels of erythrocyte constants and on clinical tolerance to anaemia, taking into account the compensatory mechanisms. Several formulas are available to calculate the red cell volume to be transfused in relation to haemoglobin values. The advances achieved in blood perfusion are such that anaemic patients nowadays are both less and better transfused.
输注的功能性红细胞必须能够呼吸和循环。输血的有效性取决于患者的不同因素（缺乏抗体或脾功能亢进）以及血液的保存方式。输血相关风险可能是即时的（红细胞或白细胞之间的免疫冲突）或延迟的（输血诱导的同种免疫、病毒或寄生虫疾病的传播）。当前的预防措施非常有效，前提是所有“安全措施”都得到遵守，包括基于免疫学和血清学标准选择献血者，以及选择最适合临床情况和患者输血前景的红细胞浓缩液。所有接受慢性输血的患者都必须接受长期监测，检测抗体和血清学特征。输血的决定取决于红细胞常数水平以及对贫血的临床耐受性，并考虑到代偿机制。有几种公式可用于根据血红蛋白值计算要输注的红细胞量。血液灌注方面取得的进展使得如今贫血患者的输血次数减少且输血效果更好。
