The visual acuity for the lateral visual field of the pigeon (Columba livia).

Previous studies on pigeons indicated that the visual acuity for the frontal visual field was much higher than that for the lateral one. Suspecting that the poor values for the lateral field were due to suboptimal testing conditions, we determined the lateral field acuity in eight head-fixed pigeons with high-contrast square-wave gratings. An instrumental conditioning task with water as reinforcer and mandibulation as an operant was used. Subjects achieved a mean acuity value of 12.6 c/deg. The results show that the acuity of the lateral visual field is only slightly lower than that of the frontal field. These data provide a psychophysical basis for ecological observations that pigeons and most other birds gaze laterally when scrutinizing small and distant objects.