Commentary: the cognitivist oversell and comments on symposium contributions.

During the 1980s the behavior therapy movement was infiltrated by cognitivists, people who believe that all maladaptive fears are based on wrong beliefs and all can be overcome by cognitive correction. This article asserts and defends the following propositions: (1) There are numerous maladaptive fears demonstrably immune to cognitive correction but removable by deconditioning. (2) These conditioning based fears constitute the majority, but there are also some based on mistaken beliefs. (3) Proponents of the cognitivist viewpoint have overrated the outcomes of cognitive therapy, because they have not realized the fact that conditioned anxiety is often inadvertently weakened by simultaneous competing emotions (nonspecific therapeutic effects). (4) This overrating led to the fiction that cognitive-behavior therapy is behavior therapy's best resource to overcome non-psychotic depression, a fiction that was exposed by cognitive-behavior therapy's inferior performance in the National Institute of Mental Health's Collaborative Research Project. (5) There is data to suggest that use of the full resources of behavior therapy would have produced notably superior results. The commentary concludes with comments on the other contributions to the symposium, From Behavior Theory to Behavior Therapy.