Newman B, O'Grady M A, Ryan C S, Hemmes N S
Department of Psychology, Queens College, Flushing, NY.
Percept Mot Skills. 1993 Dec;77(3 Pt 1):779-85. doi: 10.2466/pms.1993.77.3.779.
Previous studies of the human response to a tickle have demonstrated that subjects will respond to a gesture that signals the onset of a tickle in the same way as to a tickle. Researchers have described this anticipatory response as an "expectation." In the current study, we investigated, from the Pavlovian framework, the response to a verbal stimulus preceding the tickle stimulus. We exposed subjects to experimental phases which included the Neutral Stimulus Alone, 100% Pairing of the Neutral and Unconditioned Stimuli (tickle strokes to the foot), Random Presentation, Partial (75%) Reinforcement, and Temporal Conditioning. Pavlovian conditioning was observed in all phases, suggesting a parsimonious explanation for the expectation effect described by others.
先前关于人类对挠痒反应的研究表明，受试者对预示挠痒开始的手势的反应方式与对挠痒的反应相同。研究人员将这种预期反应描述为一种“期望”。在当前的研究中，我们从巴甫洛夫框架出发，研究了在挠痒刺激之前对言语刺激的反应。我们让受试者经历了包括单独的中性刺激、中性刺激与无条件刺激（脚部挠痒）100%配对、随机呈现、部分（75%）强化以及时间条件作用在内的实验阶段。在所有阶段都观察到了巴甫洛夫条件作用，这为其他人所描述的期望效应提供了一个简洁的解释。
