Horowitz I L
Department of Sociology, Rutgers-State University, New Brunswick 08903.
Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1993 Apr-Jun;28(2):137-42. doi: 10.1007/BF02691216.
This statement, first presented at a plenary session of the Pavlovian Society on 9 October 1992, in Los Angeles, California, attempts to assess the recently released speech delivered by Ivan Pavlov in 1923, but publicly brought to light only in 1991, on the subject of "Communist Dogmatism and the Autonomy of Science." This speech, noteworthy for the courage of the delivery under adverse circumstances no less than the contents of its remarks, compels a new estimate of the place of science in a totalitarian system boasting an ideology of physiological psychology. It also sheds new light on the Russian Nobel laureate and pioneer in the areas of behavior modification induced by the functions of the higher nervous system. These remarks take an in-depth view of American radical and Marxian appraisals--how they followed the Soviet lead in harnessing Pavlov to the Communist cause, and in attempting to discredit the work of Sigmund Freud. This lethal combination of Communist political needs and ideological proclivities served to rationalize the implementation of slave labor as work therapy during the Stalinist era. The linkage of Pavlov to Makarenko in education and Michurin in biology serves as a case study in the manufacture of tradition. The collapse of the Soviet system permits a recasting of the history of science and Pavlov's place in Russian life. Such new conditions also provide a lesson in the distortive role of ideology in the evolution of modern science.
本声明首次发表于1992年10月9日在加利福尼亚州洛杉矶举行的巴甫洛夫学会全体会议上，旨在评估伊万·巴甫洛夫于1923年发表但直到1991年才公开的关于“共产主义教条主义与科学自主性”的演讲。这篇演讲，其发表时在不利环境下所展现的勇气以及言论内容同样值得关注，促使人们重新评估科学在一个以生理心理学为意识形态的极权主义体系中的地位。它也为这位俄罗斯诺贝尔奖获得者以及在由高级神经系统功能引发的行为修正领域的先驱者带来了新的认识。这些言论深入探讨了美国激进派和马克思主义者的评价——他们如何追随苏联的引领，将巴甫洛夫与共产主义事业联系起来，并试图诋毁西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的工作。共产主义政治需求与意识形态倾向的这种致命结合，使得在斯大林时代将奴役劳动作为工作疗法的实施合理化。巴甫洛夫在教育领域与马卡连柯以及在生物学领域与米丘林的联系，成为了传统制造的一个案例研究。苏联体系的崩溃使得科学史以及巴甫洛夫在俄罗斯生活中的地位得以重新塑造。这样的新情况也为意识形态在现代科学发展中所起的扭曲作用提供了一个教训。
