Regulation of heme biosynthesis: distinct regulatory features in erythroid cells.

Our previous research has demonstrated that in hemoglobin-synthesizing cells, as compared with nonerythroid cells, a step in iron transport from transferrin localized between the transferrin receptor and ferrochelatase is rate-limiting for the synthesis of heme. In this communication we report our more recent studies on the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the transferrin receptors and ferrochelatase in differentiating erythroid cells. Our studies indicate that transferrin receptor gene expression is regulated differently in hemoglobin synthesizing as compared with uninduced murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells: 1) With nuclear run-on assays our experiments showed increased transferrin receptor mRNA transcription cells of MEL following induction of erythroid differentiation with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). 2) DMSO treatment of MEL cells does not increase iron-responsive element binding protein (IRE-BP) activity which is, however, increased in uninduced MEL cells by Fe chelators. 3) Following induction of MEL cells there is an increase in the stability of transferrin receptor mRNA whose level is only slightly affected by iron excess. Using murine ferrochelatase cDNA as a probe, two ferrochelatase transcripts having lengths of 2.9 kb and 2.2 kb were found in extracts of mouse liver, kidney, brain, muscle and spleen, the 2.9 kb transcript being more abundant in nonerythroid tissues and the 2.2 more predominant in spleen. In MEL cells, the 2.9 ferrochelatase transcript is also more abundant; however, following induction of erythroid differentiation by DMSO there is a preferential increase in the 2.2 kb transcript which eventually predominates. With mouse reticulocytes, the purest immature erythroid cell population available, over 90% of the total ferrochelatase mRNA is present as the 2.2 kb transcript. Our further experiments indicate that the 2.2 kb transcript results from the utilization of the upstream polyadenylation signal and suggest that the preferential utilization of the upstream polyadenylation signal may be an erythroid-specific characteristic of ferrochelatase gene expression. These results provide further evidence for the idea that iron metabolism and heme synthesis are controlled by distinct mechanisms in erythroid versus nonerythroid cells.