Geary D C, Frensch P A, Wiley J G
Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
Psychol Aging. 1993 Jun;8(2):242-56. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.8.2.242.
Thirty-six younger adults (10 male, 26 female; ages 18 to 38 years) and 36 older adults (14 male, 22 female; ages 61 to 80 years) completed simple and complex paper-and-pencil subtraction tests and solved a series of simple and complex computer-presented subtraction problems. For the computer task, strategies and solution times were recorded on a trial-by-trial basis. Older Ss used a developmentally more mature mix of problem-solving strategies to solve both simple and complex subtraction problems. Analyses of component scores derived from the solution times suggest that the older Ss are slower at number encoding and number production but faster at executing the borrow procedure. In contrast, groups did not appear to differ in the speed of subtraction fact retrieval. Results from a computational simulation are consistent with the interpretation that older adults' advantage for strategy choices and for the speed of executing the borrow procedure might result from more practice solving subtraction problems.
36名年轻成年人（10名男性，26名女性；年龄在18至38岁之间）和36名年长者（14名男性，22名女性；年龄在61至80岁之间）完成了简单和复杂的纸笔减法测试，并解决了一系列计算机呈现的简单和复杂减法问题。对于计算机任务，在每次试验的基础上记录策略和解决时间。年长的被试使用了发展上更成熟的问题解决策略组合来解决简单和复杂的减法问题。对从解决时间得出的成分分数的分析表明，年长的被试在数字编码和数字生成方面较慢，但在执行借位程序方面较快。相比之下，两组在减法事实检索速度上似乎没有差异。计算模拟的结果与以下解释一致，即年长者在策略选择和执行借位程序的速度方面的优势可能源于解决减法问题的更多练习。
