Ratner V A
Genetika. 1993 May;29(5):720-39.
The genetical texts and genetic language are built according to hierarchic principle and contain no less than 6 levels of coding sequences, separated by marks of punctuation, separation and indication: codons, cistrons, scriptons, replicons, linkage groups, genomes. Each level has all the attributes of the language. This hierarchic system expresses some general properties and regularities. The rules of genetic language being determined, the variability of genetical texts is generated by block-modular combinatorics on each level. Between levels there are some intermediate sublevels and module types capable of being combined. The genetic language is compared with two different independent linguistic systems: human natural languages and artificial programming languages. Genetic language is a natural one by its origin, but it is a typical technical language of the functioning genetic regulatory system--by its predestination. All three linguistic systems under comparison have evident similarity of the organization principles and hierarchical structures. This argues for similarity of their principles of appearance and evolution.
遗传文本和遗传语言是根据层级原则构建的，包含不少于6个编码序列层次，由标点、分隔和指示标记分隔开：密码子、顺反子、转录子、复制子、连锁群、基因组。每个层次都具有语言的所有属性。这个层级系统表达了一些一般特性和规律。遗传语言的规则确定后，遗传文本的变异性是由每个层次上的块模块化组合产生的。各层次之间存在一些能够组合的中间子层次和模块类型。遗传语言与两种不同的独立语言系统进行了比较：人类自然语言和人工编程语言。遗传语言就其起源而言是自然语言，但就其预定目的而言，它是功能遗传调控系统的典型技术语言。所比较的这三种语言系统在组织原则和层次结构上有明显的相似性。这证明了它们出现和进化原则的相似性。
