Factors affecting outcome in the resuscitation of severely injured patients.

This is a retrospective, hospital based study of the resuscitative management of 40 consecutive, multitrauma patients (Injury Severity Score (ISS) > 25) admitted directly from an inner metropolitan environment over a one year period. The aim was to identify physiological, anatomical and time variables that correlated with an adverse outcome. Such information would facilitate the development of management protocols to improve future care. The clinical management of airways, breathing, circulation and head injury was reviewed in both the pre-hospital and Emergency Department (ED) phases of care. Eleven patients died during the resuscitative phase, 10 from blood loss and one from head injury. Nine patients died during the definitive care phase, seven from head injury and two from multiple organ failure. Scene hypotension (systolic blood pressure < or = 80 mmHg), ED Glasgow Coma Scale < 9, ISS > or = 50, and Revised Trauma Score < or = 4 were variables that correlated strongly with fatal outcomes. The median pre-hospital time was 33 min for those hypotensive in the field. The median ED time was 70 min for hypotensive patients who went to operating theatres. Survival following severe trauma may be increased by avoiding secondary insults in head injured patients and improving the management of haemorrhagic shock. The time frame from accident to operating theatre should be kept under 90 min. Warmed blood, fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be used early in the resuscitation. An early move to definitive control of bleeding should accompany vigorous volume resuscitation.