Importance of prenatal nutrition to the development of a precocial chick.

The developmental maturity of hatchling birds varies greatly across the altricial-precocial continuum and these differences are related to the relative proportions of yolk and albumen in a species' egg. In general, the more precocial the chick the greater the proportion of yolk in its egg. Egg composition can also vary within species with unknown consequences for the developing embryo. The present research sought to determine the importance of egg composition to avian development by experimentally removing 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, or 16% of the albumen from eggs of domestic fowl (Gallus gallus). Experimental chicks were paired to control chicks whose eggs were matched on the basis of original mass and laid by the same female but no albumen was removed from their eggs prior to incubation. Decreased levels of albumen significantly decreased chick size at hatch. Experimental subjects, however, had similar growth to controls after 20 days of ad-lib access to food, although sex differences between pairs indicated that the growth of females may be affected differentially by albumen removal. Righting responses were retarded in experimental subjects for the 2 and 4% albumen-removal groups. Egg composition can have important consequences for chick survival simply by influencing body size at hatch and it is suggested that the practice of using overall egg size as a measure of egg "quality" needs to be broadened by considering what is inside the egg as well. In addition, the unique opportunity presented by using an avian model to assess directly the specific influences of protein (albumen) and of fat (yolk) on growth and behavioral development is explored.