[A new approach to the axilla: functional axillary lymphadenectomy and padding].

Axillary lymph node dissection, which is now mandatory in the conservative breast cancer surgery and classically involves Berg's two lower levels, is burdened with numerous complications. In 1988 and 1989, two technical modifications were introduced and are described here: padding of the axilla as preventive treatment of postoperative lymphocele and, more recently, functional axillary lymphadenectomy (FAL) in which the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm, the two perforating intercostal nerves and above all the lateral thoracic pedicle (external mammary artery and vein) are spared. These two technical innovations, more respectful of anatomy, are aimed at reducing the morbidity of conservative breast cancer at a time when detection enables breast cancers to be treated at an increasingly early stage, which results in a increase of negative axillary dissections. The postoperative period is simplified (no drainage, immediate mobilization), and the hospital stay is reduced to 2 days. Complementary treatments can thus be started early on, without any functional or cosmetic damage while the number of lymph nodes removes remains the same as in the conventional axillary dissection technique. The authors describe the operative procedures and analyse the 100 cases of conservative breast cancer they have treated with padding and FAL. These two technical modifications are now systematically used by them in the management of breast cancers.