Le Douarin N M, Ziller C, Couly G F
Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS, Nogent-sur-Marne, France.
Dev Biol. 1993 Sep;159(1):24-49. doi: 10.1006/dbio.1993.1219.
In this article we review recent findings from our laboratory on the developmental fate of the neural crest as studied in the avian embryo using the quail-chick marker system in vivo. Quail-chick chimeric experiments carried out at the late neurula stage have revealed the contribution of the neural crest to the skull vault, i.e., the frontal and parietal bones, previously thought to be mesodermally derived. At early developmental stages, the fate of the cephalic mesoderm (free of neural crest cells) could be analyzed. The striking result was that the mesoderm does not contribute to the head and face dermis except in the occipital and otic areas where the skull is derived from the cephalic and somitic mesoderm. Thus, the neural crest forms the dermis, the membrane and cartilage bones of the skull vault, the skull basis, and the face. The limit of the mesoderm-derived skeleton in the skull basis is located in the sella turcica between the basipre- and the basipostsphenoid and coincides with the tip of the notochord. We thus define a "chordal" and an "achordal" skull, the latter being all derived from the neural crest. These results are discussed in the framework of the "New Head" concept of Gans and Northcutt (1983). The second part of this review deals with the role of the environment in the morphogenesis and diversification of neural crest derivatives. The role of the rostrocaudal heterogeneity of the somites in establishing the metameric pattern of the truncal neural crest derivatives is analyzed. The respective contributions of the "in embryo" and in vitro approaches to our understanding of the neural crest cell differentiating potentialities are reviewed. It is pointed out that the search for survival and proliferation factors acting locally on neural crest derivatives when they are wandering and/or settling in various embryonic locations constitutes the new challenge for further understanding their complex patterning and the highly diversified variety of their phenotypes.
在本文中，我们回顾了我们实验室最近的研究发现，这些发现是关于利用鹌鹑 - 鸡标记系统在体内对鸟类胚胎中神经嵴发育命运的研究。在神经胚晚期进行的鹌鹑 - 鸡嵌合实验揭示了神经嵴对头盖骨穹窿（即额骨和顶骨）的贡献，而头盖骨穹窿此前被认为是中胚层来源的。在发育早期阶段，可以分析头部中胚层（不含神经嵴细胞）的命运。惊人的结果是，中胚层除了在枕部和耳部区域（头骨起源于头部和体节中胚层的地方）外，并不对头面部真皮有贡献。因此，神经嵴形成了真皮、头盖骨穹窿的膜性骨和软骨性骨、颅底以及面部。颅底中胚层来源骨骼的界限位于蝶鞍处，在基前蝶骨和基后蝶骨之间，与脊索末端重合。因此，我们定义了一个“脊索性”和一个“非脊索性”头骨，后者全部由神经嵴衍生而来。这些结果在甘斯和诺思卡特（1983年）的“新头”概念框架内进行了讨论。本综述的第二部分涉及环境在神经嵴衍生物形态发生和多样化中的作用。分析了体节的头 - 尾异质性在建立躯干神经嵴衍生物分节模式中的作用。综述了“胚胎内”和体外方法对我们理解神经嵴细胞分化潜能的各自贡献。指出寻找在神经嵴衍生物在各种胚胎位置游走和/或定居时局部作用于它们的存活和增殖因子，构成了进一步理解其复杂模式和高度多样化表型的新挑战。
