De Clercq E
Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
Adv Virus Res. 1993;42:1-55. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60082-2.
The target protein (enzyme) with which antiviral agents interact determines their antiviral activity spectrum. Based on their activity spectrum, antiviral compounds could be divided into the following classes: (1) sulfated polysaccharides (i.e., dextran sulfate), which interact with the viral envelope glycoproteins and are inhibitory to a broad variety of enveloped viruses (i.e., retro-, herpes-, rhabdo-, and arenaviruses): (2) SAH hydrolase inhibitors (i.e., neplanocin A derivatives), which are particularly effective against poxvirus, (-)RNA viruses (paramyxovirus, rhabdovirus), and (+/-)RNA virus (reovirus); (3) OMP decarboxylase inhibitors (i.e., pyrazofurin) and CTP synthetase inhibitors (i.e., cyclopentenylcytosine), which are active against a broad range of DNA, (+)RNA, (-)RNA, and (+/-)RNA viruses; (4) IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (i.e., ribavirin), which are also active against various (+)RNA and (-)RNA viruses and, in particular, ortho- and paramyxoviruses; (5) acyclic guanosine analogs (i.e., ganciclovir) and carbocyclic guanosine analogs (i.e., cyclobut-G), which are particularly active against herpesviruses (i.e., HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV); (6) thymidine analogs (i.e., BVDU, BVaraU), which are specifically active against HSV-1 and VZV because of their preferential phosphorylation by the virus-encoded thymidine kinase; (7) acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (i.e., HPMPA, HPMPC, PMEA, FPMPA), which, depending on the structure of the acyclic side chain, span an activity spectrum from DNA viruses (papova-, adeno-, herpes-, hepadna-, and poxvirus) to retroviruses (HIV); (8) dideoxynucleoside analogs (i.e., AZT, DDC), which act as chain terminators in the reverse transcriptase reaction and thus block the replication of retroviruses as well as hepadnaviruses; and (9) the TIBO, HEPT, and other TIBO-like compounds, which interact specifically with the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 and thus block the replication of HIV-1, but not of HIV-2 or any other retrovirus.
抗病毒药物所作用的靶蛋白（酶）决定了其抗病毒活性谱。根据其活性谱，抗病毒化合物可分为以下几类：（1）硫酸化多糖（即硫酸葡聚糖），它与病毒包膜糖蛋白相互作用，对多种包膜病毒（即逆转录病毒、疱疹病毒、弹状病毒和沙粒病毒）具有抑制作用；（2）SAH水解酶抑制剂（即奈拉滨衍生物），对痘病毒、（-）RNA病毒（副粘病毒、弹状病毒）和（+/-）RNA病毒（呼肠孤病毒）特别有效；（3）OMP脱羧酶抑制剂（即吡唑呋喃）和CTP合成酶抑制剂（即环戊烯基胞嘧啶），对多种DNA、（+）RNA、（-）RNA和（+/-）RNA病毒有活性；（4）IMP脱氢酶抑制剂（即利巴韦林），对各种（+）RNA和（-）RNA病毒也有活性，尤其对正粘病毒和副粘病毒；（5）无环鸟苷类似物（即更昔洛韦）和碳环鸟苷类似物（即环丁-G），对疱疹病毒（即HSV-1、HSV-2、VZV、CMV）特别有活性；（6）胸苷类似物（即BVDU、BVaraU），由于它们优先被病毒编码的胸苷激酶磷酸化，所以对HSV-1和VZV具有特异性活性；（7）无环核苷膦酸酯（即HPMPA、HPMPC、PMEA、FPMPA），根据无环侧链的结构，其活性谱涵盖从DNA病毒（乳头瘤病毒、腺病毒、疱疹病毒、嗜肝DNA病毒和痘病毒）到逆转录病毒（HIV）；（8）双脱氧核苷类似物（即AZT、DDC），在逆转录酶反应中作为链终止剂，从而阻断逆转录病毒以及嗜肝DNA病毒的复制；（9）TIBO、HEPT和其他类似TIBO的化合物，它们与HIV-1的逆转录酶特异性相互作用，从而阻断HIV-1的复制，但不阻断HIV-2或任何其他逆转录病毒的复制。
