Cipolli C, Bolzani R, Cornoldi C, De Beni R, Fagioli I
Institute of Human Physiology, University of Modena, Italy.
Sleep. 1993 Feb;16(2):163-70. doi: 10.1093/sleep/16.2.163.
This study aimed to ascertain a) whether morning reports of dream experience more frequently reproduce bizarre contents of night reports than nonbizarre ones and b) whether this effect depends on the rarity of bizarre contents in the dream or on their richer encoding in memory. Ten subjects were awakened in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep three times per night for 4 nonconsecutive nights and asked to report their previous dream experiences. In the morning they were asked to re-report those dreams. Two separate pairs of judges scored the reports: the former identified the parts in each report with bizarre events, characters or feelings and the latter parsed each report into content units using transformational grammar criteria. By combining the data of the two analyses, content units were classified as bizarre or nonbizarre and, according to whether present in both the night and corresponding morning reports, as semantically equivalent or nonequivalent. The proportion of bizarre contents common to night and morning reports was about twice that of nonbizarre contents and was positively correlated to the quantity of bizarre contents present in the night report. These findings support the view that bizarreness enhances recall of dream contents and that this memory advantage is determined by a richer encoding at the moment of dream generation. Such a view would seem to explain why dreams in everyday life, which are typically remembered after a rather long interval, appear more markedly bizarre than those recalled in the sleep laboratory.
a）梦境的早晨报告是否比非奇异内容的夜间报告更频繁地再现奇异内容；b）这种效应是取决于梦境中奇异内容的稀有性还是其在记忆中的更丰富编码。十名受试者在快速眼动（REM）睡眠中被唤醒，连续四个非连续夜晚每晚三次，并被要求报告他们之前的梦境体验。早晨，他们被要求再次报告那些梦境。两组独立的评判员对报告进行评分：前者识别每份报告中包含奇异事件、角色或感受的部分，后者使用转换语法标准将每份报告解析为内容单元。通过合并两项分析的数据，内容单元被分类为奇异或非奇异，并根据是否同时出现在夜间和相应的早晨报告中，分为语义等效或非等效。夜间和早晨报告中共同的奇异内容比例约为非奇异内容的两倍，且与夜间报告中出现的奇异内容数量呈正相关。这些发现支持了这样一种观点，即奇异增强了对梦境内容的回忆，并且这种记忆优势是由梦境产生时更丰富的编码所决定的。这样一种观点似乎可以解释为什么日常生活中的梦，通常在很长一段时间后才被记住，比在睡眠实验室中回忆的梦显得更明显奇异。
