Hollander E P, Fallon B J, Edwards M T
J Psychol. 1977 Mar;95(2d Half):289-96. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1977.9915892.
Two experiments (NS = 48 and 52 male college students, respectively) are reported on the relative influence of appointed or elected leaders and members if four-man discussion groups in a decision-making task. Leaders were either appointed by the E or elected by the group, and groups received either success or failure feedback. The influence of elected leaders increased after failure feedback and decreased after success feedback, which was precisely opposite to the direction of influence shift for appointed leaders. The second experiment examined this effect further, after leaders were replaced by appointment or election, and with the identical success or failure feedback as before. The hypothesis that the newly elected leader would be more influential than the newly appointed leader was only partially supported. The elected leader who succeeded the initial leader was found to have had significantly higher influence than the average group member from the very outset.
本文报告了两项实验（分别有48名和52名男性大学生参与），研究了在决策任务中，指定或选举产生的领导者以及四人讨论小组中的成员的相对影响力。领导者要么由实验者指定，要么由小组选举产生，各小组会收到成功或失败的反馈。选举产生的领导者在收到失败反馈后的影响力增加，而在收到成功反馈后影响力下降，这与指定领导者影响力转移的方向正好相反。第二项实验在领导者通过指定或选举更换后，以及给予与之前相同的成功或失败反馈的情况下，进一步检验了这种效应。新选举产生的领导者比新指定的领导者更具影响力这一假设仅得到部分支持。结果发现，接替初始领导者的选举产生的领导者从一开始就比普通小组成员具有显著更高的影响力。
