Holland M
Department of Radiology, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi.
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1993 Mar;23(2):269-79. doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(93)50028-1.
Pharmacologic development and clinical use of nonionic low osmolality contrast agents have lowered incidences of contrast reactions. Exclusive use of these agents may be limited owing to their high costs. Ionic high osmolality agents still provide reliable means of positive contrast enhancement, and minimal problems with reactions have been experienced in veterinary patients.