Microtubule-associated motility in cytoplasmic extracts of sea urchin eggs.

We have developed a method for producing sea urchin egg cytoplasmic extracts which support substantial microtubule-associated motility, particularly minus end-directed motility characteristic of cytoplasmic dynein. Particles translocated along microtubules and axonemes predominantly in the minus end direction; microtubules and axonemes glided across the coverslip surface only in the plus end direction (as expected for a minus-end directed motor bound to the coverslip surface); and microtubules crosslinked into bundles in an antiparallel orientation. Velocities of particle and microtubule translocation were in the range of 0.5-1.8 microns/sec. Vanadate at 10 microM inhibited all gliding of the microtubules and axonemes, yet bidirectional particle transport persisted. Vanadate at concentrations of 25 microM and higher inhibited nearly all microtubule-based motility in the preparation and produced parallel bundling of the microtubules. Motility was slowed but not stopped in the presence of 5 mM AMP-PNP. Usually when a particle bound to a microtubule wall, it moved to the microtubule minus end. These particles often remained attached to the minus end. When a microtubule plus end in the shortening phase of dynamic instability reached a stationary particle on the microtubule, sometimes normal minus end-directed motility was activated, or at other times the particle remained attached to the shortening plus end.