Ragle C A
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman.
Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1993 Apr;9(1):171-83. doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30422-4.
The equine head is especially prone to trauma from kicks, collisions, entrapments, and falls. The specialized structures of the equine head are important in both function and appearance. When injury causes either loss of function or cosmesis, timely treatment is paramount. This article discusses the occurrence and therapy of trauma to the equine head, including fractures of the mandible and premaxilla, facial bone, hyoid apparatus, and skull base.
马的头部特别容易受到踢伤、碰撞伤、挤压伤和跌倒伤。马头部的特殊结构在功能和外观上都很重要。当损伤导致功能丧失或影响美观时，及时治疗至关重要。本文讨论马头部创伤的发生及治疗，包括下颌骨、前上颌骨、面骨、舌骨装置和颅底的骨折。
