State of the art of venous investigation and treatment.

OBJECTIVE

To discuss current investigative and treatment modalities in all venous problems, ranging from telangiectasia to chronic venous insufficiency.

DATA SOURCES

A thorough review of current literature plus the author's personal experience and ideas.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Clinical interest and research into venous disease is increasing. Despite advanced investigative technology, the definitive management of chronic venous insufficiency remains controversial. Deep valvular reconstruction is now possible; however, indications for this type of procedure are rare.

CONCLUSION

The renewed interest in venous disease will likely lead to specific treatments for all aspects of venous disease, especially for chronic venous insufficiency.