Vitamin E is a complete tumor promoter in mouse skin.

The dorsal skins of 6-8 week old female SENCAR mice were initiated with a single application of 10 nmol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and subsequently promoted twice/week with topical applications of vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol, 80 mumol/treatment). Vitamin E from two separate commercial suppliers was tested. For comparison, a group of similar mice, also initiated with DMBA, was promoted twice/week with the known tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate (TPA, 2 micrograms/treatment). Papillomas appeared 39 and 50 days respectively after promotion began with vitamin E from the two different sources, as compared with 32 days in the group receiving TPA promoted. Hundred per cent of TPA-promoted animals and 92-96% of the vitamin E-promoted mice developed tumors. A maximum of 15 papillomas/animal appeared in the TPA-promoted mice. The two vitamin E preparations were somewhat less effective than TPA and showed different relative potencies, producing about seven and 12 papillomas per animal respectively. Unlike TPA, vitamin E showed very little ability to produce an inflammatory response in skin. To test whether initiated cells that did not appear as papillomas after vitamin E promotion were still viable, and had proceeded past stage I of promotion (conversion), the group that developed 12 papillomas/animal from vitamin E promotion was further promoted with mezerein, a stage II promoter. In this group, the papilloma frequency then increased to approximately 17/animal. The animals were followed over the course of their lifespan and monitored for skin carcinomas. In the TPA-promoted group 64% of the mice developed carcinomas, while the two vitamin E-promoted groups showed 48 and 60% incidence respectively. These results indicate that topically applied vitamin E acts as a complete tumor promoter in DMBA-initiated mouse skin, with an efficiency approaching that of TPA. Since vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant, they also suggest that reduction of cellular oxidant levels may trigger the tumor promotional process, and it may therefore be prudent to avoid repetitive or prolonged topical exposure of human skin to antioxidants like vitamin E.