Lang P J, Greenwald M K, Bradley M M, Hamm A O
Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610.
Psychophysiology. 1993 May;30(3):261-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x.
Colored photographic pictures that varied widely across the affective dimensions of valence (pleasant-unpleasant) and arousal (excited-calm) were each viewed for a 6-s period while facial electromyographic (zygomatic and corrugator muscle activity) and visceral (heart rate and skin conductance) reactions were measured. Judgments relating to pleasure, arousal, interest, and emotional state were measured, as was choice viewing time. Significant covariation was obtained between (a) facial expression and affective valence judgments and (b) skin conductance magnitude and arousal ratings. Interest ratings and viewing time were also associated with arousal. Although differences due to the subject's gender and cognitive style were obtained, affective responses were largely independent of the personality factors investigated. Response specificity, particularly facial expressiveness, supported the view that specific affects have unique patterns of reactivity. The consistency of the dimensional relationships between evaluative judgments (i.e., pleasure and arousal) and physiological response, however, emphasizes that emotion is fundamentally organized by these motivational parameters.
研究人员让受试者观看一系列在效价（愉悦 - 不悦）和唤醒度（兴奋 - 平静）情感维度上差异很大的彩色照片，每张照片观看6秒，同时测量面部肌电图（颧肌和皱眉肌活动）和内脏反应（心率和皮肤电传导）。研究人员还测量了与愉悦、唤醒、兴趣和情绪状态相关的判断，以及选择观看时间。结果发现：（a）面部表情与情感效价判断之间，以及（b）皮肤电传导幅度与唤醒评分之间存在显著的协变关系。兴趣评分和观看时间也与唤醒有关。尽管研究发现了受试者性别和认知风格造成的差异，但情感反应在很大程度上独立于所研究的人格因素。反应特异性，尤其是面部表现力，支持了特定情感具有独特反应模式的观点。然而，评价判断（即愉悦和唤醒）与生理反应之间维度关系的一致性强调，情绪从根本上是由这些动机参数组织起来的。
