Han J N, Gayan-Ramirez G, Dekhuijzen R, Decramer M
Respiratory Muscle Research Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
Eur Respir J. 1993 May;6(5):722-8.
Elevation of the ribs and expansion of the rib cage result from the co-ordinated action of the rib cage muscles. We wished to review the action and interaction of the rib cage muscles during ventilation. The parasternal intercostal muscles appear to play a predominant role during quiet breathing, both in humans and in anaesthetized dogs. In humans, the parasternal intercostals act in concert with the scalene muscles to expand the upper rib cage, and/or to prevent it from being drawn inward by the action of the diaphragm. The external intercostal muscles are considered to be active mainly during inspiration, and the internal intercostal muscles during expiration. The respiratory activity of the external intercostals is minimal during quiet breathing both in man and in dogs, but increases with increasing ventilation. Inspiratory activity in the external intercostals can be enhanced in anaesthetized animals and humans by inspiratory mechanical loading and by CO2 stimulation, suggesting that the external intercostals may constitute a reserve system, that may be recruited when the desired expansion of the rib cage is increased. The triangularis sterni is an important expiratory muscle during quiet breathing in animals, but it is not active during quiet breathing in man. However, during expiration below functional residual capacity (FRC), and during speech, laughing and coughing, the triangularis sterni is recruited and plays an increasingly important role.
肋骨的抬高和胸廓的扩张是由胸廓肌肉的协同作用产生的。我们希望回顾一下通气过程中胸廓肌肉的作用和相互作用。胸骨旁肋间肌在安静呼吸时似乎起着主要作用，无论是在人类还是在麻醉的狗身上。在人类中，胸骨旁肋间肌与斜角肌协同作用，以扩张上胸廓，和/或防止其因膈肌的作用而向内牵拉。肋间外肌主要在吸气时活跃，肋间内肌在呼气时活跃。在人和狗的安静呼吸过程中，肋间外肌的呼吸活动最小，但随着通气量的增加而增加。在麻醉动物和人类中，通过吸气机械负荷和二氧化碳刺激可以增强肋间外肌的吸气活动，这表明肋间外肌可能构成一个储备系统，当所需的胸廓扩张增加时可能被调用。胸骨三角肌在动物安静呼吸时是重要的呼气肌，但在人类安静呼吸时不活跃。然而，在功能残气量（FRC）以下的呼气过程中，以及在说话、大笑和咳嗽时，胸骨三角肌被调用并发挥越来越重要的作用。
