Erichsen V
University of Bergen.
J Health Polit Policy Law. 1995 Fall;20(3):719-37; discussion 739-43. doi: 10.1215/03616878-20-3-719.
From the early nineteenth century until about 1980, a close relationship developed in Norway between the state and the medical profession. Medicine became integrated into the state at all levels of government, and the profession assumed important roles in initiating and formulating health policy. Another, and perhaps also causally related, development has been that health policy--and most strikingly during postwar expansion--tended to be formulated and implemented in its own policy sector, with few links to other parts of the welfare state. Important elements of the "profession state" in Norway have thus been professional integration with the state and institutional isolation from other policy sectors. Health reforms of the 1980s and 1990s brought changes in institutional relations: Other professions have replaced physicians as experts at central and local levels, and health policy making has become more politicized and integrated into welfare state policies. Thus there are clear indications that the profession state is waning.
从19世纪初到1980年左右，挪威国家与医学专业之间发展出了一种密切的关系。医学在各级政府层面融入了国家，该专业在发起和制定卫生政策方面发挥了重要作用。另一个或许也与之有因果关系的发展是，卫生政策——尤其是在战后扩张时期——往往在其自身的政策领域内制定和实施，与福利国家的其他部分联系甚少。挪威“专业国家”的重要元素因此是与国家的专业融合以及与其他政策领域的机构隔离。20世纪80年代和90年代的卫生改革带来了机构关系的变化：在中央和地方层面，其他专业已取代医生成为专家，卫生政策制定变得更加政治化，并融入了福利国家政策。因此，有明确迹象表明专业国家正在衰落。
