Protection against osmotic stress by cGMP-mediated myosin phosphorylation.

Conventional myosin functions universally as a generator of motive force in eukaryotic cells. Analysis of mutants of the microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum revealed that myosin also provides resistance against high external osmolarities. An osmo-induced increase of intracellular guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate was shown to mediate phosphorylation of three threonine residues on the myosin tail, which caused a relocalization of myosin required to resist osmotic stress. This redistribution of myosin allowed cells to adopt a spherical shape and may provide physical strength to withstand extensive cell shrinkage in high osmolarities.