Measurement of lung volumes and pulmonary mechanics during weaning of newborn infants with intractable respiratory failure from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Newborn infants with intractable respiratory failure who require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) experience diffuse pulmonary atelectasis shortly after initiation of ECMO. Atelectasis is likely due to the primary lung injury and the reduction of applied inspiratory ventilator pressure when the respirator settings are changed to the "rest settings." These pathophysiologic changes result in a decrease in lung compliance and lung volumes. We hypothesized that improving lung functions observed during ECMO and indicated by an increase in lung volumes will predict successful weaning from ECMO. Sixteen infants (mean +/- SEM: gestational age, 40.3 +/- 0.3 weeks; birth weight, 3.5 +/- 0.1 kg) with meconium aspiration syndrome (n = 13), sepsis (n = 2), and persistent pulmonary hypertension (n = 1) were studied. We measured passive respiratory system mechanics and lung volumes initially during full ECMO support (115 +/- 18 h on ECMO, Study I), and then within 24 h prior to weaning from ECMO (Study II). Respiratory system compliance (Crs), respiratory system resistance (Rrs), functional residual capacity (FRC), and tidal volume (VT) were measured. Prior to Study I lung volumes were too small to be detected. Crs increased between Study I and Study II (0.41 +/- 0.05 to 0.63 +/- 0.05 mL/cmH2O/kg, P < 0.05), and VT increased between Study I and Study II (5.6 +/- 0.6 to 10.4 +/- 0.8 mL/kg, P = 0.0005). FRC increased from 3.6 +/- 1.0 to 7.9 +/- 0.9 mL/kg (P = 0.0001). There was no change in Rrs (88 +/- 8 to 89 +/- 6 cm H2O/L/s, P = 0.9). The combination of Crs > 0.5 mL/cmH2O/kg and FRC > 5 mL/kg was a better predictor (P = 0.0002) of readiness to wean from ECMO than either Crs (> 0.5 mL/cmH2O/kg, P = 0.057) or FRC (> 5 mL/kg, P = 0.007) alone. The combination of FRC and Crs had a sensitivity of 73.3% and specificity of 100% for successful decannulation. We conclude that repeated measurements of FRC and Crs can assess lung recovery and may assist in establishing criteria for successful weaning from ECMO.