Burhans K K, Dweck C S
Psychology Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
Child Dev. 1995 Dec;66(6):1719-38.
This article presents an expanded view of the bases of helpless reactions to failure. This view stems from recent findings of helplessness in young children. Previous formulations have stressed the attainment of invariant trait conceptions as a necessary condition for helplessness to occur and have suggested that children are relatively invulnerable to helplessness prior to this attainment. We review a series of studies documenting that key aspects of helplessness are present in preschool and early elementary school children (ages 4-7). We then propose a preliminary model in which (a) a general conception of self and (b) the notion of this self as an object of contingent worth are sufficient conditions for helplessness. We integrate this view with Dweck and Leggett's model of helplessness in older individuals, in which more differentiated trait conceptions play an important role.
本文提出了对失败无助反应基础的一种扩展观点。这一观点源于近期对幼儿无助现象的研究发现。先前的理论强调获得不变的特质概念是无助感产生的必要条件，并认为在获得这一概念之前，儿童相对不易产生无助感。我们回顾了一系列研究，这些研究表明无助感的关键特征在学龄前和小学低年级儿童（4至7岁）中就已存在。然后，我们提出了一个初步模型，其中（a）自我的一般概念和（b）将这个自我视为有条件价值对象的观念是无助感产生的充分条件。我们将这一观点与德韦克和莱格特针对年长者的无助感模型相结合，在该模型中，更具分化性的特质概念发挥着重要作用。
