Safety of human growth hormone therapy: current topics.

Current data on patients treated with human growth hormone (GH) were analyzed for the following safety topics. New leukemia. Thirteen of 46 new cases of leukemia were in non-Japanese patients without risk factors for leukemia (compared with at least 13 new cases expected). A possible increased occurrence of leukemia with GH treatment appears to be limited to patients with risk factors. Nonleukemic extracranial neoplasms. The number of cases reported (10) does not differ significantly from the number expected. Acute pancreatitis. In five of the seven cases reported risk factors (renal failure, valproic acid use, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) were present. The available data do not indicate a clear cause-and-effect relation between GH therapy and pancreatitis. Prepubertal gynecomastia. Of 15 possible cases, two were pubertal, eight resolved or improved with continued GH therapy, and two resolved with the cessation of GH therapy. An effect of GH treatment on prepubertal gynecomastia remains unknown. Scoliosis. Scoliosis is reported in fewer than 1 percent of the patients in the National Cooperative Growth Study (general-population prevalence, 1.5% to 3%). Curvature progression can occur during growth acceleration, and a causal association with GH treatment is not substantiated. Pigmented nevi. Nevi growth may be increased with GH treatment. Biopsies have detected no neoplasia or premalignant nevi transformations.