Pappas D G
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996 Feb;114(2):173-96. doi: 10.1016/S0194-59989670162-6.
Recounted are some, not all, of the most significant contributions to otology. The history of otology has, for the most part, followed the history of medicine: Little was known of otology by the ancient physicians, but their work must be reviewed to appreciate the progress that has been made. Most of the otology produced during the Middle Ages was limited to those structures that were readily accessible; otologic surgery was confined to trauma and removal of foreign bodies from the external auditory canals. Examination of the ear began after studies of the ear by Italian anatomists during the seventeenth century. It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that magnification was used so that the minute anatomic details could be observed. The clinical specialty of otology started in France (1850s), emerged as a scientific specialty in England, and received explosive progress from the German-speaking countries at the end of the nineteenth century. Otology has a remarkable background.
这里讲述的是对耳科学的一些（而非全部）最重要的贡献。耳科学的历史在很大程度上遵循了医学的历史：古代医生对耳科学了解甚少，但必须回顾他们的工作才能认识到所取得的进展。中世纪产生的耳科学知识大多局限于那些易于触及的结构；耳科手术仅限于外伤处理和从外耳道取出异物。对耳朵的检查始于17世纪意大利解剖学家对耳朵的研究之后。直到18世纪末才开始使用放大设备，以便能够观察到微小的解剖细节。耳科学的临床专业始于法国（19世纪50年代），在英国成为一门科学专业，并在19世纪末从德语国家获得了迅猛发展。耳科学有着非凡的背景。
