Differential phosphorylation of human tau isoforms containing three repeats by several protein kinases.

The paired helical filaments (PHF) found in the brain of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) are composed primarily of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Six isoforms of tau have been recognized and all are present in a hyperphosphorylated state in PHF. It is not known whether all tau isoforms serve equally well as substrates for various kinases. In this study we have compared the phosphorylation of human tau isoforms containing three microtubule-binding repeats and zero (tau 3), one (tau 3S), or two (tau 3L) N-terminal inserts. Four kinases (A-kinase, CK-1, CaM kinase II, GSK-3) were used for this purpose. With A-kinase, CK-1, and CaM kinase II the extent of phosphorylation was tau 3L > tau 3S > tau 3. With GSK-3 it was tau 3L approximately = tau 3S > tau 3. Tau 3 was a poor substrate for either CaM kinase II or CK-1, 32P incorporation being only 5 and 11%, respectively, of that observed by these kinases when tau 3L was the substrate. After prephosphorylation of the three tau isoforms by A-kinase, a subsequent phosphorylation by GSK-3 was stimulated several fold over tau that was not prephosphorylated. Under these conditions the extent of 32P incorporation was tau 3L > tau 3S > tau 3. Both CK-1 and GSK-3 phosphorylated ser 396 more rapidly in tau 3L compared to tau 3 or tau 3S. Our results suggest that (1) the presence of N-terminal inserts in tau isoforms are important structural determinants that modulate the specificity of several kinases; (2) the different tau isoforms may be present at different states of phosphorylation in PHF.