Lehmkuhl U, Rauh H
Abteilung für Psychiatrie und Neurologie des Kindes- und Jugendalters des Virchow-Klinikums, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr. 1996 Mar-Apr;45(3-4):78-82.
The literature on personality research, developmental psychology and psychopathology has consistently revealed two types of personality. According to different theoretical and methodological approaches these types are considered as prototypes of a personality dimension, or as behavioral patterns in psychopathology. In the research on adult personality, they are known as extraversion and introversion. Child psychiatrists refer to these prototypes as externalizing and internalizing disorders. However, there are few empirical studies on the congruency between adult personality types and childhood disorders. Longitudinal studies from the USA and New Zealand give evidence that adult personality types can predict coping styles of school age children in stressful and challenging situations. Research on infant attachment to caregivers, revealing consistently different qualities of interaction patterns, may also be predictive for different coping styles in children of preschool age. Interdisciplinary discussions will focus on the question, whether early behavior patterns should be seen as predictors for adult traits (homotypic continuity) or as developmentally determined indicators for underlying functions (heterotypic continuity). Possibly, in early developmental stages behavior patterns have adaptive functions and in later stages become chronic strategies over time. Another topic concerns the relation between personality traits and pathologic behavior patterns and whether chronic strain may be influential.
关于人格研究、发展心理学和精神病理学的文献一直揭示出两种人格类型。根据不同的理论和方法，这些类型被视为一种人格维度的原型，或精神病理学中的行为模式。在成人人格研究中，它们被称为外向性和内向性。儿童精神病学家将这些原型称为外化障碍和内化障碍。然而，关于成人人格类型与儿童期障碍之间一致性的实证研究很少。美国和新西兰的纵向研究表明，成人人格类型可以预测学龄儿童在压力和挑战情境中的应对方式。对婴儿与照顾者依恋关系的研究一直揭示出不同的互动模式质量，这也可能预测学龄前儿童的不同应对方式。跨学科讨论将集中在一个问题上，即早期行为模式应被视为成人特质的预测指标（同型连续性），还是作为潜在功能的发展决定指标（异型连续性）。可能在早期发育阶段，行为模式具有适应功能，随着时间推移在后期阶段成为慢性策略。另一个话题涉及人格特质与病理行为模式之间的关系，以及慢性压力是否可能产生影响。
