Calcium channel blockers.

Calcium ions are essential for the chain of events that leads to myocardial contraction. Its role in the cardiac cycle has been studied extensively for years. Calcium is thought to be effective in the slow channels. Calcium channel blockers were first introduced in this country, more than 20 years ago. The pharmacological effects, usages, side effects, and dosages of some of the most commonly used calcium channel blockers are discussed. In addition, some anesthetic considerations and the latest controversy regarding calcium channel blockers are reviewed.