The roles of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in tissue remodelling and cell growth.

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are secreted proteins that block the activities of the extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs). As key determinants of ECM integrity and turnover, TIMPs are involved in the establishment and maintenance of tissue architecture and may indirectly influence ECM-dependent cells signaling. In addition, TIMPs exert both positive and negative effects on cell growth through mechanisms that are independent of MMP inhibition. The three members of the mammalian TIMP family differ in structure, biochemical properties and expression, suggesting that they have distinct physiological roles. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of TIMP protein function and gene regulation. We discuss the potential relevance of MMPs and TIMPs in obesity with regard to effects on the processing of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.