McClain D A, Crook E D
Veterans Administration Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.
Diabetes. 1996 Aug;45(8):1003-9. doi: 10.2337/diab.45.8.1003.
Glucose is an important regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Thus, it is likely that some of the adverse effects of hyperglycemia are reflections of normal regulation by abnormal concentrations of glucose. How the cell senses glucose, however, is still incompletely understood. Evidence has been presented that the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway serves this function for regulation of aspects of glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and synthesis of growth factors. Excess hexosamine flux causes insulin resistance in cultured cells, tissues, and intact animals. Further evidence for the possible role of this pathway in normal glucose homeostasis and disease is that the level of activity of the rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine synthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, is correlated with glucose disposal rates (GDRs) in normal humans and transgenic mice.
葡萄糖是细胞生长和代谢的重要调节因子。因此，高血糖的一些不良影响可能是葡萄糖浓度异常导致正常调节机制出现异常的表现。然而，细胞如何感知葡萄糖仍未完全清楚。已有证据表明，己糖胺生物合成途径在调节葡萄糖摄取、糖原合成、糖酵解以及生长因子合成等方面发挥这一功能。己糖胺通量过多会在培养细胞、组织和完整动物中导致胰岛素抵抗。该途径在正常葡萄糖稳态和疾病中可能发挥作用的进一步证据是，己糖胺合成限速酶谷氨酰胺：果糖-6-磷酸酰胺转移酶的活性水平与正常人和转基因小鼠的葡萄糖处置率（GDR）相关。
