Heat-shock resistance in Drosophila populations: analysis of variation in reciprocal cross progeny.

Genetic variation for resistance to high temperature stress was studied in populations of D. melanogaster and D. buzzatii from different geographic regions. Drosophila melanogaster individuals were presented with either a direct short exposure to a high temperature or exposure to high temperature after receiving a pretreatment, which increased resistance. Heat-stress resistance varied among populations, with one much more resistant than all others under both treatments. Another possessed low stress resistance when exposed without the heat pretreatment; but with pretreatment, resistance increased relative to the other populations. Evidence from reciprocal crosses suggests that the X chromosome of the more resistant population carries alleles that greatly increase resistance, and that one or more factors on the autosomes also affect resistance. Non-additive interaction effects among the three less resistant population, were suggestive that all differ for various elements that contribute to stress resistance, and that some clearly change inducible resistance more than basal levels. In D. buzzatii, the two least resistant populations were genetically very similar. Crosses to the more resistant population gave results suggesting that the low resistance to heat is dominant. A small X-chromosome effect that increased resistance, and a dominant enhancer of male resistance also may have contributed to variation in resistance.