Gaunt A S, Gaunt L L
J Morphol. 1977 Apr;152(1):1-19. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1051520102.
Records of electrical activity in the tracheal muscles of domestic chickens were obtained for a variety of ad libitum vocalizations. Primary attention was given to an analysis of events during the most complex call, crowing. Three pairs of muscles, Mm, tracheohyoideus, tracheolateralis, and sternotrachealis, can affect the configuration of a chicken's syrinx. The firing patterns of the three muscle pairs are related to their different abilities to affect the tension of the syringeal membranes. The influence of M. tracheohyoideus is most indirect and imprecise, and its role the least clearly defined. It appears to adjust the position of the trachea so that the syrinx is isolated from unpredictable and/or undesireable consequences of nuchal position and tracheal elasticity, and also helps draw the glottis caudad, thereby deepening the pharyngeal chamber. The other two muscles interact to control the tension of the vocal membranes. M. sternotrachealis relaxes the membranes by drawing the drum of the trachea caudad, or, via the syringeal ligament, by rotating the pessulus cranioventrad, or both. M. tracheolateralis tenses the membranes and/or prevents caudal movement of the orgin of M. sternotrachedalis, a necessity if the syringeal ligament is to rotate the pessulus. Vocalization depends on both syringeal configuration and appropriated air flow. Hence, tracheal muscles, syrinx, air sacs, and ventilatory muscles cooperate to form a vocal system. Cooperation elicits a surprising degree of redundancy. At least one call, a high pitched wail, may be produced by two very different techniques.
针对家鸡随意发出的各种叫声，记录了其气管肌肉的电活动。主要关注的是对最复杂叫声——打鸣过程中各项事件的分析。三对肌肉，即气管舌骨肌、气管外侧肌和胸骨气管肌，会影响鸡的鸣管结构。这三对肌肉的放电模式与其影响鸣膜张力的不同能力有关。气管舌骨肌的影响最为间接和不精确，其作用也最不明确。它似乎是在调整气管的位置，以使鸣管免受颈部位置和气管弹性带来的不可预测和/或不良后果的影响，还有助于将声门向尾侧牵拉，从而加深咽腔。另外两块肌肉相互作用以控制声膜的张力。胸骨气管肌通过将气管鼓向尾侧牵拉，或者通过鸣管韧带使小角骨向颅腹侧旋转，或者两者同时进行，从而使声膜松弛。气管外侧肌使声膜紧张和/或防止胸骨气管肌起点向尾侧移动，如果鸣管韧带要使小角骨旋转，这是必要的。发声既取决于鸣管结构，也取决于适当的气流。因此，气管肌肉、鸣管、气囊和呼吸肌协同作用形成一个发声系统。这种协同作用产生了惊人程度的冗余。至少有一种叫声，即高音哀号，可以通过两种非常不同的方式发出。
