Central noradrenergic neurones and stress.

This review discusses evidence that central noradrenergic neurones are involved in the response and adaptation to stress. Stress-induced changes in neurochemical processes affecting neurotransmission are detailed first, followed by evidence that these are modified by psychotropic agents. The possibility that these changes influence behaviour is also reviewed. Collectively, evidence suggests that these neurones form a sophisticated network in which the effects of stress differ between brain regions and type of stress imposed. Presynaptic processes governing transmitter release, and the net activation of different adrenoceptor subtypes all contribute to the impact of central noradrenergic neurones on the behavioural response to stress.