Levy D A, Grossman H B
Department of Urology, University of Texas MD, Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030-4095, USA.
Semin Urol Oncol. 1996 May;14(2):56-61.
Individuals with extravesical extension of bladder cancer (stage T3b) have a worse prognosis than those with muscle-invasive disease confined to the bladder. Accurate staging of T3b bladder cancer becomes increasingly important as more effective methods of treating high-stage bladder cancer are developed. Despite aggressive attempts over the last three decades to stage muscle invasive disease more accurately, bladder cancer is still staged incorrectly in 30% to 50% of patients. The basis for accurate clinical staging resides in a thorough endoscopic resection and a careful bimanual examination. Imaging studies (transurethral ultrasonography, computed tomography [CT], and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] can increase the accuracy of staging but are most reliable when performed before transurethral resection.
患有膀胱癌膀胱外扩展（T3b期）的个体，其预后比局限于膀胱的肌层浸润性疾病患者更差。随着治疗高分期膀胱癌的更有效方法的发展，T3b期膀胱癌的准确分期变得越来越重要。尽管在过去三十年中积极尝试更准确地对肌层浸润性疾病进行分期，但仍有30%至50%的患者膀胱癌分期错误。准确临床分期的基础在于彻底的内镜切除和仔细的双手检查。影像学检查（经尿道超声、计算机断层扫描[CT]和磁共振成像[MRI]）可以提高分期的准确性，但在经尿道切除术前进行时最为可靠。
