Measurement of tissue temporal point spread function (TPSF) by use of a gain-modulated avalanche photodiode detector.

This paper describes an opto-electronic cross-correlator designed for measurement of the temporal point spread function (TPSF) of light at the bedside. Ultra-short (< 2 ps) pulses of light from a mode-locked laser were used to illuminate a tissue phantom. The light exiting from the tissue phantom was coupled by an optical fibre to a small-area (200 microns diameter, Hamamatsu S2381) avalanche photodiode (APD). The gain of the photodiode was modulated at the repetition rate of the pulsed laser (82 MHz). Usually the gain was approximately 100, but for a period of approximately 130 ps (FWHM) the gain was increased to approximately 105. A lock-in amplifier, which sampled the integrated APD current, gave an output proportional to the difference between the current in the low- and high-gain states. Hence a small section of the TPSF was selectively sampled. An overall temporal resolution of 275 ps FWHM was achieved. As the timing of the gain modulation was controlled by an all-electronic variable-time-delay system, the whole of the TPSF could be sampled without requiring any moving prism or mirror which is typical of many cross-correlators. Hence the system is mechanically very rugged, which enhances its durability in a portable instrument.