Papaterra Limongi J C
Divisão de Neurologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1996 Mar;54(1):136-46.
Since the last decades of the past century there have been several reports in the medical literature describing patients with dystonia. The clinical and phenomenological concepts of dystonic movements have been debated. Presently, dystonia is defined as a syndrome of sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements, or abnormal postures. Dystonia is usually classified according to three criteria: distribution, age of onset and etiology. The generalized forms often have their onset at childhood whereas the focal forms are most commonly seen in adults. Dystonic movements and postures can occur during resting or they can be precipitated by voluntary movements or by the adoption of specific posture patterns. The pathophysiologic mechanisms related to the appearance of dystonia are presently unknown. However, there are compelling evidences suggesting the involvement of some basal ganglia nuclei (e.g. putamen and globus palidus) in the development of dystonia.
自上世纪最后几十年以来，医学文献中有多篇报道描述了肌张力障碍患者。肌张力障碍性运动的临床和现象学概念一直存在争议。目前，肌张力障碍被定义为一种持续肌肉收缩综合征，常导致扭曲和重复性运动或异常姿势。肌张力障碍通常根据三个标准进行分类：分布、发病年龄和病因。全身性肌张力障碍通常在儿童期发病，而局灶性肌张力障碍最常见于成年人。肌张力障碍性运动和姿势可在休息时出现，也可由自主运动或采取特定姿势模式诱发。目前尚不清楚与肌张力障碍出现相关的病理生理机制。然而，有令人信服的证据表明，某些基底神经节核（如壳核和苍白球）参与了肌张力障碍的发生发展。
